tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51865187450792049352024-03-05T07:55:05.616+01:00Volunteered Geographic Information for Crisis MappingJoão Portohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12671005569879277144noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186518745079204935.post-2971069457210776512013-06-12T20:27:00.002+02:002013-06-13T15:17:44.810+02:00Tools für Crisis Mapping & Social Media Monitoring<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]-->by Theresa Herbst <br />
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Soziale Medien wie (SMS, Twitter, Facebook und allgemein das Web) spielen im Crisis Management eine immer wichtigere Rolle. Menschen vor Ort benutzen die sozialen Medien um ihre Informationen mit den andren zu teilen. Diese füttern also die Menschheit mit schnellen und wichtigen Informationen über Katastrophengebiete. Es gibt aber auch noch eine weitere Anzahl an Tools für Social Media Monitoring wie zum Beispiel „Storyful“, „Corp-geofeedia“ oder „Hootsuite“. <br />
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Die sozialen Medien stellen die Basis des Crisis Mappings dar. Ohne sie würde man nicht an die schnellen und tiefgründigen Informationen eines Katastrophengebietes kommen. Es gibt auch bei den Crisis Mapping eine Vielzahl an hilfreichen und unterschiedlichen Tools. <br />
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Hierzu zählen zum Beispiel „Shanafoundation“, „Tomnod“ oder auch Ushahidi aber noch viele anderen mehr. Ushahidi ist wahrscheinlich das meist benutze und beste Tool für Crisis Mapping. Da das Interesse an der Website immer größer wurde hat das Tool immer mehr potenzielle Anwendbarkeit in Krisensituationen bekommen. Sie helfen bei einer ersten frühen Warnung, Verfolgung einer Krisensituation bis hin zu fördernden Maßnahmen. <br />
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Ushahidi besitzt eine Vielzahl an Stärken, weist allerdings auch Schwächen auf. Allgemein ermöglichen Tools von Crisis Mapping sowie auch von Social Media Monitoring die Katastrophe von lokalen aber auch regionalen NGO’s, Organisationen, Staat und privaten Leuten schnell aufzufassen und einzuschätzen. Somit ist ein schnelles Eingreifen und Handeln möglich und den Katastrophenschaden und weiteres einzudämmen.<br />
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Okolloh (2009) Ushahidi, or testimony: Web 2.0 tools for crowdsourcing crisis information. S. 65-70 <br />
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Roche, Propeck-Zimmermann, Mericskay (2011) GeoWeb and crisis management: issues and perspectives of volunteered geographic information. Springer. <br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05263434539979530500noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186518745079204935.post-77499236852741553272013-06-12T14:12:00.001+02:002013-06-12T14:12:28.899+02:00Actors in Humanitarian Aid: UN & Co<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><br /><br />by Werner Clödy<br /> <br /><br />These days are affected by themes of climate change, globalization, demographics or violence and unexpected shocks become more and more frequent. For this reason we are exposed to risks and thus we need an appropriate international humanitarian system more than ever, which is able to solve problems like climate change, high food prices, the financial crisis and the HIV/AIDS and flu pandemics as well as issues like rapid urbanization and ageing population. <br /><br />Confronting these objectives successfully requires a lot of actors, who has to be coordinated as well as possible. Beside national, local and community based organisations, three main categories of humanitarian actors (limited to the formal international system) can be named: <br /><br />1. The major providers (non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the International Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement) <br /><br />2. The programme conveners/coordinators (the main role of UN humanitarian agencies and offices) <br /><br />3. The official donors <br /><br />This international system has shown considerable growth in recent years: Global stuffing levels have increased significantly as well as the funds contributed by donors directly to international emergency response efforts. Even funding from voluntary sources has ascended in recent years. Especially NGOs highlight the importance of these voluntary sources, which possibly could be increased by “volunteered geographic information”. Consequently there is an overall progress in parts of the humanitarian system, while remaining blemished in some accounts for effectiveness. <br /><br />Beside this overall progress, there exist several problems concerning the humanitarian relief. In addition to the three main categories of humanitarian actors there are other actors like national militaries and private sector contractors. On the whole there exist endless actors in the humanitarian system. So the discussion is focused on the coordination of these actors. <br /><br />Maybe Volunteered Geographic Information could help here.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05263434539979530500noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186518745079204935.post-35499070725842495132013-06-11T01:03:00.000+02:002013-06-11T01:03:03.335+02:00The Role of "Social Media" in Disaster Management<div style="text-align: justify;">
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</xml><![endif]--><br /><br />by Verena Flörchinger<br /> <br /> <br /><br />Social media is strongly embedded in our daily life. Twitter, Facebook, and types of communication technologies are constantly changing our habits of communication. We do not only share information in face to face contacts, but also via a multitude of new forms of social media. New technologies like smartphones comprise diverse sensors, such as cameras, microphones and GPS, which enable a new level of information distribution. </div>
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This new technology combined with social media allows the user to share information with a huge and growing community. Twitter for example opens up the possibility to share instant messages with the public. Via Instagram and YouTube, photos and videos respectively, become accessible to everyone. </div>
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There is not just the information we knowingly share, but also metadata about location, time and so forth. Within these new forms of communication and hidden data lies a big opportunity for crisis mapping and disaster management if the V&TC are capable of extracting information nuggets out of the big data provided. These new types of information-usage and new technology can be useful for situational awareness, the distribution of alerts and further functions of disaster management. </div>
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Albeit these possibilities, there is also a wide range of challenges and problems. It is challenging to detect events while big data volume is rising every day. The first hurdle is to extract useful information from a large amount of data. Hence, there is a need for new methods of detection and characterization of events, disasters, crisis etc. In academia as well as in volunteer communities the rise in effort can already be felt. With the help of the growing community of volunteers it is possible to process data regarding an event. </div>
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An example would be the extraction of relevant twitter messages, which provide data worth using for disaster management. The big data set and the velocity of data make it difficult to react promptly, because the analysis of big data is highly time-consuming and resource-intensive. In order to tackle the problem of real-time processing of data, which is crucial during the first hours of an event, it is necessary to develop program filters for such processes. When an event seems relevant for disaster management the next step is to categorize all the information. Within this phase the data quality and the verification has to be discussed before the analysis starts. If an automatic method is generated further questions arise: Is it possible to use one method for all events of the same type? How is the information redistributed to the public? The latter question is especially relevant when looking at countries and regions where the access to these kinds of media is restricted or not widespread due to financial hurdles.<br /> Besides the challenges of detection, coordination and categorization there is the recurring and important factor of data privacy: Which mechanisms have to be considered if we want to respect individuals’ privacy while using the data of social media?<br /> In the context of disaster management the high potential of social media is almost only used on disaster response. Can social media be used during the phases of resilience, mitigation and preparedness as well? Could the next task be to build the according tools?</div>
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<br /> Selected Literature:</div>
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<br /> ADAM, N. R., SHAFIQ, B., & STAFFIN, R. (2012). Spatial Computing and Social Media<br /> in the Context of Disaster Management. Intelligent Systems, IEEE, 27 (6), 90-96.</div>
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<br /> IMRAN, M., ELBASSUONI, S., CASTILLO, C., DIAZ, F. & MEIER, P. (2013). Extracting<br /> Information Nuggets from Disaster-Related Messages in Social Media. 10th<br /> International ISCRAM Conference, Baden-Baden, Germany, 1-10.</div>
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<br /> MEIER, P. (2013). Analysis of Multimedia Shared in Millions of Tweets After Tornado<br /> (Updated). iRevolution. From innovation to Revolution, Online: http://irevolution.net/<br /> (09.06.2013).<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05263434539979530500noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186518745079204935.post-9920139862693537482013-06-10T17:07:00.000+02:002013-06-10T17:07:15.064+02:00GIS and Remote Sensing in Disaster Management: Potential and Application Cases<br />
by Anne Schauß<br />
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In order of handling the variety of spatio-temporal and damage characteristics of natural and human-made disasters an equally diverse arsenal of tools aiding in their response is needed (KERLE ET AL 2007). Considering that most of the required information has spatial components, geographic information systems and remote sensing technologies present suitable tools for crisis management: The success of disaster management, amongst all, largely depends on finding and successfully integrating related information to make decisions (XU & ZLATANOVA 2010). While Remote Sensing offers a variety of sensors and platforms and thus can provide relevant data for all kind of catastrophes, GIS serve as platforms for entry, processing, analysis and visualization of the information (KERLE ET AL 2007).</div>
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<br />Regarding the disaster management cycle remote sensing and GIS technologies can provide valuable information at each of the stages (JOYCE ET AL 2009): Pre-Disaster activities aim at supporting disaster managers at adopting risk-and damage reducing measures (MANFRÉ ET AL 2012). GIS and Remote Sensing support Mitigation activities by analysis regarding the identification of regions of hazards, risks and probabilities, by the identification of values that remain inside these endangered areas and subsequently by risk analysis (ESRI 2008). </div>
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Prepardness activities can be supported by location analysis regarding best locations for shelters or medical facilities as well as needed resources and capacities, planning evacuations (zoning, best routes) and most important by Real-Time-Monitoring to maintain early warning systems (JOHNSSON 2000). Post-Disaster activities are in first place Response activities where lots of different information needs to be provided as quickly as possible. Remote Sensing can provide satellite imagery and a first overview of the damage while GIS is able to organize and route supporting staff on basis of damaged infrastructure. </div>
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During the Recovery phase GIS and Remote Sensing techniques can provide detailed damage assessments and landcover changes through Change detection analysis for the planning of the priorities and costs of reconstruction (MANFRÉ ET AL 2012). Evidently there are many remote sensing and GIS applications for disaster management yet there are many challenges to be faced:<br />Relevant geoinformation needs to be obtained from different sources. The data will be received in huge amounts, different data formats, with different quality standards and spatial conceptions. Yet it has to be combined and integrated with existing data. After a reasonable interpretation the information needs to be shared with all concerned stakeholders where it starts again.<br />Obiviously methods have to be found to facilitate this process. VGI can be obtained to have more relevant data available, standards, specifications and ontology’s must be found to ensure interoperability for the data integration, web-based spatial data infrastructures must be created to share data quickly and efficiently, political arrangements have to be made to<br />guarantee transgressive data-sharing and awareness has to be raised especially in developing countries of integrating GIS and remote sensing in disaster management activities (MANFRÉ ET AL 2012).</div>
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<br />If measures are recognized at all stages of the circle, geoinformation is shared as well as interpreted correctly and relevant activities are performed, the severity of any catastrophe can be reduced. It is all about “getting the right resources to the right place at the right time, to provide the right information to the right people to make the right decisions at the right level at the right time” (XU & ZLATANOVA 2010).</div>
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<br />References:<br />ESRI (2008): Geographic Information Systems Providing the Platform for Comprehensive Emergency Management. An ESRI White Paper, ESRI, New York.<br />Johnsson, R. (2000): GIS Technology for Disasters and Emergency Management. An ESRI White Paper. ESRI. New York.<br />Joyce, K. E., Wright, K. C., Samsonov, S.V. & Ambriosa, V.G. (2009): Remote Sensing and the disaster management cycle. In: Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 317-346, www.intechopen.com (02.06.2013)<br />Kerle, N., Heuel, S & N. Pfeifer (2007): Real-Time Data Collection and Information Generation Using Airborne Sensors. In: Zlatanova, S., Li, J. (Eds.)(2008): Geospatial Information Technology for Emergency Response, Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK, 6, 43-74.<br />Manfré, L.A., Hirata, E., Silva, J. B., Shinohara, E. J., Giannotti, M. A., Larocca, A. P. C., & J.A. Quintanilha (2012): An Analysis of Geospatial Technologies for Risk and Natural Disaster Management. In: ISPRS International Journal of GeoInformation, 1(3), 166-185, doi:10.3390/ijgi1020166<br />Xu, W & S. Zlatanova (2010): Ontologies for Disaster Management. In: Li, J, Zlatanova, S. & A. Fabbri (Eds.): Geomatics Solutions for Disaster Management. Springer, New York Heidelberg.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05263434539979530500noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186518745079204935.post-41342423259041514332013-06-10T17:01:00.004+02:002013-06-10T17:04:22.679+02:00Challenges for Volunteered Geographic Information: Credibility and Quality<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--> by Benjamin Herfort<br />
<br />
Quite a lot people say that we are living in an information age. Digital network technologies have reduced the costs of information production and dissemination in a stunning way so that it seems almost as if information is available nearly to everyone and everywhere. The changes VGI causes for geography as an academic discipline are fundamental. <br />
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To understand the changes more profoundly, it is necessary to discuss briefly what credibility means. Credibility is generally thought to be the believability of a source or message and is composed of the two dimensions trustworthiness and expertise. It is based on the combination of both dimensions and their objective and subjective characteristics. (Flanagin 2008) <br />
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There are approaches that focus on expertise and that understand quality as an objective property of the information. They regard credibility as accuracy while other approaches deny that. They describe credibility as perception. They state that the same piece of information may be judged differently by different people and that credibility depends on the subjective perception of the information receiver. While the first approach is adequate for describing and evaluating scientific knowledge production and bases primarily on facts, the second fits better for VGI concerning political or social issues, where opinions or perspectives are central. (Flanagin 2008) <br />
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Academic research on VGI and its credibility mainly deals with the quality of Open StreetMap data and focuses on credibility as accuracy. Haklay (2010) examines the positional accuracy of an object in a given area and the correlation with the number of contributors. The more contributors participate the better the data quality evolves. This is hardly surprising and applies to open source projects in general as well. Girres and Touya (2010) extend the elements of spatial data quality and also study attribute accuracy, completeness, logical consistency, semantic accuracy, temporal accuracy, lineage and usage. On the one hand they compare the OSM data with an external reference dataset; on the other they examine the OSM dataset intrinsic, e. g. on inter-theme consistency. The major problem for data quality they note is the lack of specifications. OSM contributors are merely advised to follow the specifications but do not have to. Furthermore they criticize the heterogeneity of the data and the management of updates, because it is not systematic and depends on the interest of the contributors. <br />
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Examining data of political or humanitarian crisis reference databases that are compiled through government agency, it becomes evident that it is either not available or simply useless, often because of manipulation by the government itself. In addition in many cases it is practically impossible to decide whether a piece of information is true or false. Meier therefore chooses a different approach. He regards crowdsourcing as a form of non-probability sampling. Because the information you get might not be representative for the whole population further verification is inevitable. The platform Ushahidi for example has established the following criteria to mark a report as verified: information comes from multiple reliable sources; two or more messages from different phone numbers reporting about the same incident; further messages from twitter, email, etc. and a text message confirming the report; photo or video documentation of the report; direct contact to the person reporting. (<a href="http://community.ushahidi.com/uploads/documents/c_Ushahidi-Verification-Guide.pdf">http://community.ushahidi.com/uploads/documents/c_Ushahidi-Verification-Guide.pdf</a>) <br />
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Obviously there are more approaches verifying information and more problems concerning this process than I presented to you. But when you are discussion about specifications and the insufficient credibility and quality of Volunteered Geographic Information, you should keep in mind what Meier says: <br />
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False information can cost lives, but no information can also cost lives, especially in a crisis zone. Correct information that arrives too late is useless. <br />
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<br />
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References: <br />
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Flanagin, A.J. & Metzger, M.J., 2008. The credibility of volunteered geographic information. In S. Elwood, hrsg. GeoJournal. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, S. 137-148. <br />
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Girres, J.-F. & Touya, G., 2010. Quality Assessment of the French OpenStreetMap Dataset. In Transactions in GIS. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, S. 435. <br />
<br />
Haklay, M. (Muki) u. a., 2010. How Many Volunteers Does it Take to Map an Area Well? The Validity of Linus’ Law to Volunteered Geographic Information. In Cartographic Journal, The. S. 315-322. <br />
<br />
Meier. Verifying Crowdsourced Social Media Reports for Live Crisis Mapping: An Introduction to Information Forensics. Online unter: <a href="http://irevolution.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/meier-verifying-crowdsourced-data-case-studies.pdf">http://irevolution.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/meier-verifying-crowdsourced-data-case-studies.pdf</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05263434539979530500noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186518745079204935.post-15929937207355372172013-06-07T11:07:00.000+02:002013-06-07T11:13:55.097+02:00Crisis Mapping- The revolution in disaster management? - By Melanie EckleA new interdisciplinary field appeared in the last century that is talked about in an incredible variety of places- from universities and peer groups to international organizations and companies- it is ubiquitous: crisis mapping. A new method created by volunteers and technical communities to improve the way of crisis response. This interest has different backgrounds. First to mention is the huge impact this new practice had, regarding some of the last disasters and emergencies. Like the famous Haiti earthquake, where it eased a lot of the response work and recovery. That way, people got curious about the crisis mapping techniques.<br />
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Over the past years people all around the world got familiar with the new technologies that are important to participate in this practice, the use of SMS and social platforms became a daily routine. Additionally people became aware of the fact that they can actually take part in crisis mapping using simply these daily practices (ZIEMKE 2012). According to UN OCHA the current number of mobile-connected devices even exceeds the number of the world`s population. Increasing numbers on cell-phone subscriptions are particularly noticeable in developing countries, mostly in countries that receive humanitarian aid (UN OCHA 2013). Simultaneously the nature of maps got modified, as people got more familiar with navigation systems and GPS units, more and more dynamic maps were created.<br />
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All these changes led to the emergence of crowd-sourced crisis maps. Thus mapping gets democratized, user-generated and participatory. Instead of being controlled by few decision makers, anyone can contribute and shape these maps (MEIER 2012). People can take part in different ways, depending on their particular prospects, as for making a crisis mapping process work crowdsourcing, mapping, the evaluation, interpretation and analysis of data as well as the analysis of satellite imagery and many more processes are important (ZIEMKE 2012). <br />
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Can crisis mapping be deployed for every kind of disaster? To date it was used in a series of different emergencies. In Syria victims of violence and misbehavior of the regime used the Syria Tracker to let the world know about the atrocity and injustice they suffered. In the north of the US people could help one another going through a huge snow storm given that they could connect through crisis mapping….and there are many more examples that show the growing frame in which crisis mapping is enabled (ZIEMKE 2012). <br />
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However with the growing number of participants, with different systems and workflows alongside the increasing amounts of data and data sources, new problems emerge. To make the new technologies and actors work in their full potential, many steps have to be taken. The Humanitarian Aid Agencies have to open up to innovations and be willing to change their way of emergency response. Therefor they have to learn and adapt to the new possibilities the volunteer communities and technical communities offer and acknowledge their potential, given that these new groups can help to detect the needs and priorities of the affected community. In that vain they help making the crisis response more accurate, adequate and focused. Yet for the crisis mapping to work in an ideal way the Humanitarian Aid Organizations have to accept as well that power has to be committed to the people and that it is inevitable for functioning workflows to make data open and freely available for everyone, like it was already demanded in the Human Rights Declaration. Certainly standards need to be developed that ensure that ethical, privacy and security issues are preserved. The Humanitarian Aid Organizations can contribute having emergency experience and formal knowledge (UN OCHA 2013). <br />
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In publications like the Disaster Relief 2.0 report and the Humanitarianism in the Network Age report UN OCHA and the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative demonstrate that there is still a lot to do till a system that works for all participants and for all emergencies is developed and deployable. Recommendations and outlooks are given that are all but yet to be tested (UN OCHA 2013, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative 2011). <br />
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The community of volunteers and the awareness of the new possibilities are growing daily, likewise does the number of private organizations and governmental institutions that want to participate. Thus the pressure on the Humanitarian Aid Organizations to adapt to the changes of the new network age expands (MEIER 2013). <br />
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Regarding the last century and the noticeable changes and improvements that the new technologies and social practices caused it will be exciting to see how and if the different participants in humanitarian action find a way to work together and figure out an information management system that will work according to the standards that have to be met and ameliorate the way of disaster management. I`ll definitely keep my fingers crossed…<br /><br />References:<br /><br />Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (2011): Disaster Relief 2.0. The Future of Information Sharing in Humanitarian Emergencies. Washington, DC & Berkshire, UK: UN Foundation & Vodafone Foundation Technology Partnership.<br /><br />
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2013): Humanitarianism in the Network Age. Geneva: OCHA. <br /><br />
Meier, P. (2013): Crisis Mapping in Action: How Open Source Software and Global Volunteer Networks are Changing the World, One Map at a Time. Journal of Map & Geography Libraries: Advances in Geospatial Information, Collections & Archives, 8:2, 89- 100.<br /><br />
Ziemke, j. (2012): Crisis Mapping. The Construction of a New Interdisciplinary Field. International Network of Crisis Mappers, John Carroll University & the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, University Heights, OH, USA.João Portohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12671005569879277144noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186518745079204935.post-8279989041670744502013-05-30T19:12:00.001+02:002013-05-30T20:48:08.081+02:00GOOGLE MAPPING OF THE CAPITAL CITY OF NIGERIA - ABUJA: THE LARGEST MAPUP IN AFRICA- guest blog post by <a href="http://oluwasomidotun.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Oludotun Babayemi</a>, Cloneshouse Nigeria<br />
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By the end of 2013, over 30 million miles of places in 3,000 cities in 187 countries, (from 13 million in 22 countries in 2008) would have been added to Google Maps! Perhaps, you might want to ask – how are these data generated? A large percentage of that is from contributions from Google Map users through <a href="http://google.com/mapmaker">Google Map Maker</a>. Others are from the internal effort from Google Map Maker offices; Google Places for Business and data from government and agencies.<br />
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There are millions of Google map users from around the world, but the most unique amongst them are the once in groups or teams that organize a Google supported “<a href="http://goo.gl/THnAs">MapUp</a>” where they choose a specific time to add places they know to Google Maps, especially because they reside or are familiar with this area. This informed the <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/abujamapup/">Abuja MapUp</a> where over 100 people from different works of life came together in Abuja, to organize a 1-week long participatory mapping exercise at the end of January, 2013. It was tagged the largest mapup in Nigeria, well if not in Africa.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE65EgyNqRdeMuPsUc0I8bLgaAwA7-VBvdRGSnw57284Vg5x1saBl1DrBafS4vOvc75YAheBp6xSumGx2FC1iWQ__2OsPylm6O6xdQqK3WfJ007AR0BP8IDmtSDODSGKU9u4Nxkysm2Zr2/s1600/hed2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE65EgyNqRdeMuPsUc0I8bLgaAwA7-VBvdRGSnw57284Vg5x1saBl1DrBafS4vOvc75YAheBp6xSumGx2FC1iWQ__2OsPylm6O6xdQqK3WfJ007AR0BP8IDmtSDODSGKU9u4Nxkysm2Zr2/s400/hed2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Moving from one part of the city to another, for 6 days, these Mappers printed out satellite images of their community from Google maps, reviewed and added places of interest to the imageries on paper while they move within streets and roads. Later in the day, they converge at a pub to upload all edits back into Google maps. “At the start, it looked so tedious, but later, I found out it could be so much fun” said a 16 – year old python programmer who joined the exercise.<br />
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For most of the participants, they were motivated by the opportunity to learn and collaborate with other people in giving back to their community. They believed having detailed and accurate places on Google maps will allow tourists, investors, visitors and even themselves navigate their way easily within the city. “Because we have local knowledge, and notwithstanding the little resources, we can help add hospitals, schools, roads, and pubs on Google maps, so people can easily find their way around town” said one of the participants. Awareness and co-ordination was done through emails, twitter, facebook and short messaging services (SMS), while official letter of invitation were sent to concerned government organizations.<br />
<br />
As licensing and owning data still remains a big challenge in using Google maps, as highlighted by a participant from a government organization, it is still a “good worth doing” as <a href="http://google.org/">Google</a> as started developing technologies such as <a href="http://google.org/crisisresponse">crisis response</a> to help address global challenges and support innovative partners through grants, investments and in-kind resources. Consequently, if you will like to organize a mapup in your community and you need support, you can sign up at <a href="http://goo.gl/ikz8F">http://goo.gl/ikz8F</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05263434539979530500noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186518745079204935.post-9388986233983542592013-05-07T00:05:00.001+02:002013-05-30T19:13:52.568+02:00Information Management in Humanitarian Aid – by Louisa Schneider<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />What influences us every day in life, while making our decisions? What helps to asses, to evaluate, to define? The answer is – as simple as abstract – “information”. Who of us did never regret one decision, because he was wiser afterwards than before? Each person has his/her own wealth of information mixed with experiences, knowledge, prejudices, etc. <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Today, the rapid developments in technology and software provide access to information and knowledge in immense abundance, faster than ever before (and mostly for free). In recent years countless information and knowledge databases have developed on the internet, used by millions or even billions of people. We call it the information and knowledge society (cf. Meier, 2006). One known quote from the German journalist and publicist Rudolf Augenstein (*1923, †2002; publ. Der Spiegel) is: “The number of those who are no more informed by too many information increases.” However, can there be an oversupply of information or is it just a question of adequate management?<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />In large companies and organizations information management was established to deal with this issue. Information is considered to be an important production factor. The one who is informed best can make the most rational decision. The same applies for humanitarian organizations (cf. Meier, 2006).<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />In the case of emergency and disaster, serious decisions, which have a tremendous reach and effects, have to be made within minutes. Therefore, information must be optimal accessible and communicable. A complete flow of information for all parties involved, especially decision-makers, is probably the most difficult task. Effective information management is the answer to this problem – or rather should be, since exactly at this point many weak points can be found nowadays. <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />The overwhelming humanitarian impact of the 2010 Earthquake in Haiti, or the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean 2004, generated tremendous coordination challenges, which are just two examples that still a lot needs to be done. Indeed, the challenges are enormous. Hundreds of organizations have to handle same or contradictory information, on this basis coordinate thousands of assistants, specialists and goods – until aid get where it is required. Having learned something from previous mistakes, new approaches are discussed and devised in the scientific discourse recently. Information and communication tools to support the work of humanitarian organizations are to be developed (Van de Walle & Dugdale, 2012). The activity of VGI opens up great potential to get real time information from disaster areas. Nevertheless, good management of the information is indispensable. We will see to what extend mankind will be able to manage and deal with the new invented forms of getting and spreading information.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />List of literature<br /><br /><br />Meier, A. (2006). Informationsmanagement für NPO's, NGO's et al. Fribourg: Springer.<br /><br /><br />Van de Walle, B., & Dugdale, J. (2012). Information management and humanitarian relief coordination: findings from the Haiti earthquake response. Int. J. Business Continuity and Risk Management, 4, S. 278-305.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05263434539979530500noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186518745079204935.post-11515300275056125082013-05-06T18:46:00.002+02:002013-05-06T22:24:45.630+02:00VGI in Humanitarian Help - by Lena Reitschuster<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">On the 12th of January 2012 the earth was shaking in Haiti with a magnitude of 7.0. Haiti’s capital lied in ruins. Thousands of people were homeless in seconds and about 300.000 people died. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The world was shocked and a lot of people wanted to support and to help the Haitians with dealing with this terrible catastrophe. Many who could not actually go there and help, donated money. But the worldwide OpenStreetMap community found a different way to contribute. With satellite images provided for free they started tracing roads and buildings from far away to create an online map of Port au Prince. This way they supported rescue strategies and still support the cleaning-up operations in creating a free map that is free for everyone and every organization to use.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">A major role in this remote mapping played the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT). They tried to coordinate the remote mapping and held trainings shortly after the earthquake so that people could use the pre disaster map in various ways.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">But what is HOT? The Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team was founded in 2009 and consists today of 44 members with elected broad members who form the core HOT team. They started off with post disaster mapping using OpenStreetMap as a tool for creating an online map of the disaster affected region to support “especially in places where base map data is often scarce, out of date, or rapidly changing” (HOT Homepage - <a href="http://hot.openstreetmap.org/">http://hot.openstreetmap.org/</a>). They see themselves as a link between the traditional Humanitarian Responders and the OpenStreetMap Community.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">And what is OpenStreetMap? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">“…the project that creates and distributes free geographic data for the world" (OSM Wiki).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjphxorf4vanZbd_-JrOpsG9wpN1058FQCwUgwBFf_NEiJo8f7uPU5iBexH3cGKvEWJaXngo2cfLzJfiAhScQ5rgdZ3zAKiLHAj_G3d_2yFNgRDE7H8QCyVhm7B4TSQt7dP6vEM3v6MVQ/s1600/Unbenannt.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjphxorf4vanZbd_-JrOpsG9wpN1058FQCwUgwBFf_NEiJo8f7uPU5iBexH3cGKvEWJaXngo2cfLzJfiAhScQ5rgdZ3zAKiLHAj_G3d_2yFNgRDE7H8QCyVhm7B4TSQt7dP6vEM3v6MVQ/s320/Unbenannt.PNG" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> OpenStreetMap
was founded by Steve Coast in 2007. He was frustrated by the restrictions the
officials have for maps in the UK. And so he started off creating OpenStreetMap
as a free and open map for everyone. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Since
then the software, various editing tools, apps and the collection of the
geographic data was completely done by volunteers. With gatherings called
“Mapping Parties” people were trained to map their neighbourhoods and cities.
From there people started mapping all around the world and contributed not only
data but plenty of ideas of how to use this free map.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> For
further interest please look at some of these websites:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> -<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">HOT:
http://hot.openstreetmap.org/</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> -<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">OSM Wiki: http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Main_Page</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> -<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">HOT maintained page about
how to map on OpenStreetMap: http://learnosm.org/en/</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05263434539979530500noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186518745079204935.post-61506561794327542572013-05-02T13:49:00.005+02:002013-05-06T19:00:24.132+02:00Who are volunteers? About the motivation of "VGI-contributor" and "Volunteer and Technical Communities" - by Robin Peters<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
The impact of volunteered geographic information (VGI) is increasing. They offer a huge potential for private companies as well as government agencies or other organizations. At the latest after the earthquake in Haiti 2010 the work of volunteers has even shown the high benefit of VGI in humanitarian emergencies. Providing up-to-date mapped information was a great assistance for the relief organizations on-site [1]. But examining only the generated geographic information does not meet the whole phenomenon of VGI. To get a whole view of VGI and its potential, we have to consider two sides: In addition to the geographic information especially the volunteers play a central role, who generate the information resp. data in the first place [2]. For this reason it is of great interest, how people become such volunteers, why they contribute without consideration. What is their motivation<br />
<br />
Particularly, the Web 2.0 has provided a necessary framework to enable the rapid rise of VGI-contributor's activity ‒ besides other technologies, such as the spread of GPS-capable devices [3]. All this makes it possible that today users can be producers at the same time, becoming so-called produser [2]. But new technologies and the access to them are not sufficient factors to explain VGI-contribution, the individual motivation plays a key role. To understand VGI-contributors, it is important to consider their specific characteristics in more detail. VGI-contributors have different backgrounds, experience and knowledge - in short: they are a heterogeneous group. In addition, each VGI project or platform may have different structures and goals. Summarized all this affects the motivation of every individual to contribute [4].<br />
<br />
In recent years, more often volunteers got together ‒ often technically-skilled people, who are adept among others in social media and geographic information system ‒ forming Volunteer & Technical Communities (V&TC), such as <span lang="DE"><a href="http://hot.openstreetmap.org/"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team</span></i></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> or </span><span lang="DE"><a href="http://www.ushahidi.com/"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ushahidi</span></i></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span> Their work and proceeding provide advantages and resources of which common relief organizations can benefit [5].<br />
<br />
Regarding the mentioned potential of VGI-contributors and V&TCs, an intended aim should be to increase the motivation to participate in VGI-projects, to inspire more people to voluntarily contribute and to keep already active VGI-contributors. Despite the advantages there exist different possibilities to make the work of V&TCs more effective [1]. <br />
<br />
To handle these issues and exploit the full potential of VGI-contributors, the whole process of volunteerism has to be considered. Volunteers have different expectations and requests in their voluntarily activities [6]. In this respect it is important to consider the heterogeneity of VGI-contributors. The motivations can range from altruism over fun to the expectation to gain personal or even monetary benefit [3]. It seems to be crucial that VGI-projects must try to consider and adapt their structures to VGI-contributors' motivations to attract them. How can people be convinced to contribute in a VGI-context?<br />
<br />
<b>References</b><br />
<br />
1. Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (2010) Disaster Relief 2.0: The Future of Information Sharing in Humanitarian Emergencies. Washington, D.C. and Berkshire, UK: UN Foundation & Vodafone Foundation Technology Partnership, 2011. 72 p.<br />
<br />
2. Coleman, D. J., Georgiadou, Y. & Labonte, J. (2009) Volunteered Geographic Information: The Nature and Motivation of Produsers. In: International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research, 2009, Vol. 4: 332-358 p.<br />
<br />
3. Goodchild, M. F. (2007) Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography. In: GeoJournal, 2007 69(4): 211-221 p.<br />
<br />
4. Budhathoki, N. R. (2010) Participants' motivations to contribute geographic information in an online community. PhD Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 115 p.<br />
<br />
5. Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery Labs (2010) Volunteer Technology Communities: Open Development. Available on web: https://www.gfdrr.org/volunteer-technology-communities-open-development last access April 26, 2013.<br />
<br />
6. Clary, E. G. & Snyder M. (1999) The Motivations to Volunteer: Theoretical and Practical Considerations. In: Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1999 8(5): 156-159 p.</div>
João Portohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12671005569879277144noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186518745079204935.post-74899412992930164592013-05-02T13:47:00.005+02:002013-05-06T19:00:39.480+02:00Citizen Science: Participative Methods and VGI - by Ronja Redlich<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</style>-->Growing Participation in Citizen Science- More and more amateurs are collecting data and also analysing it. <br />
<br />
Citizen Science is a category of activities within volunteered geographic information (VGI). Elements of collection, analysis and distribution of information and participation by volunteers, for the benefit of science and knowledge of humanity characterizes the projects of Citizen Science. <br />
<br />
Citizen Science does not necessarily focus on geospatial information only. In Ornithology but also in Meteorology, Citizen Science has existed for a long time. For example the project “Christmas Bird Watch” has been going on since 1900. Many volunteers also participated in meteorological observations. These projects need volunteers that spend their leisure time observing and collecting data. <br />
<br />
Due to the emergence of a new infrastructure, the Web and the Internet, it was possible to join in other projects of Citizen Science. Without being a specialist, everyone who has access to the Internet, GPS receivers or a mobile phone can help.100,000 volunteers are part of the project “GalaxyZoo” and class galaxies is one of the most developed activities in Citizen Science (Haklay 2012). Another example is SETI@home where volunteers’ computers were used to find extra-terrestrial life. Some of these projects such as Rosetta@home are constructed as a game. The aim of Rosetta@home is to find new protein structures. The volunteers are motivated by playing, competing or working together with other participants. The result can be a new solution how to fold the proteins (Hand 2010). <br />
<br />
However, you can also find activities where collecting location information is an important part. Haklay calls them Geographical Citizen Science and it has the same definition as VGI (Haklay 2012). <br />
<br />
Through the new technologies, it is a great way to get normal, non-professional people involved in academic research. Nevertheless questions regarding the quality and the accuracy of the data are serious issues and must be taken into account. <br />
<br />
All in all, Citizen Science has been going on for years and is still growing. Considering the process and development of the projects, it is pretty impressive what the results can be. <br />
<br />
<br />
Haklay, M. (2012): Citizen Science and Volunteered Geographic Information – overview and typology of participation. In: Sui, D.Z., Elwood, S. and Goodchild, M.F. (eds.), (2013): Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) in Theory and Practice. Dordrecht; Heidelberg: Springer. 396 S. <br />
<br />
Hand, E. (2010): Citizen science: People power. Nature 466, 685-687 S.<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span>
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João Portohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12671005569879277144noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186518745079204935.post-15964987760739459352013-05-02T12:25:00.001+02:002013-05-06T18:59:20.915+02:00Neogeography and Volunteered Geographic Information: Theories and Concepts - By Sarah Labusga<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<br />
<br />
A typical geographer: Map, compass and notebook. How long will he still exist in a world full of computers, cellphones and internet. <br />
By now ordinary persons take tasks, that were done by agencies and civil service specialized for geodata. Why? How can it be, that unlearned people deal with geodata? When, where and why do they do it? Neogeography and Volunteered Geographic Information are terms that relate to this topic. They describe concepts of this new phenomena and define unclear questions.<br />
<br />
First of all there should be a look on the server-client-model and how it changes. Until now it said, that a client sends a request to a server. This server edits it and, if possible, sends an answer back to the client. What changes now, is the role of the client. He is no longer the inactive part but becomes active by dealing with the contents of the internet by himself and shaping them. A central term is “Web 2.0”. Web 2.0, also called Social Web or Social Media, is understood as the age of the internet in which the consumer (user) becomes a so called prosumer. The user does not only download stuff but he also feeds in own website content. He can further edit, correct, comment and value many things that are already online. The new user is not only consumer but more a producer in the world of this unbelievable network. Wikipedia and Wikimapia, Flickrr, Twitter and Facebook, as well as OpenStreetMap or GoogleMaps are just a few examples. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH6N42FhEtIcCj4reByMHqYyjUSO5nf8OSxcGXGhB1jtW5rToc_SH3oZYEOBdLZxlOj91QeFAfjvxRpd3qhwMnhEl29LqT9Vct19tIIJkRqNN_aOPuR7gsv4jMdGBHOPvHtHzA8E_M7PAR/s1600/labusga.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH6N42FhEtIcCj4reByMHqYyjUSO5nf8OSxcGXGhB1jtW5rToc_SH3oZYEOBdLZxlOj91QeFAfjvxRpd3qhwMnhEl29LqT9Vct19tIIJkRqNN_aOPuR7gsv4jMdGBHOPvHtHzA8E_M7PAR/s1600/labusga.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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In addition to the social web there is another conception which is very meaningful and interesting in reference to integrate users in designing the internet and its content. Especially now, in the age of smart phones, a huge part of population has access to the internet (almost) always and everywhere. Influenced by this fact the idea of VGI (Volunteered Geographic Information) gets more importance. It is used for example in crisis management. Behind the idea of VGI there are many technologies, that make fast and simple handling with spatial data possible. First of all, there is geocoding to get a reference. Without geocoding we could not be able to make precise localization, even if we have the place names. To help for example to reconstruct an accident situation, we need to have coordinates in order to make clear statements about the position. A simple tool for first steps is GPS (Global Positioning System). Also Geotags, Graphics and broadband communication become highly significant so as to get localized in a simple, fast and very accurate way. <br />
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All those aspects stand under the topic of Neogeography. The term describes the return of geography in the area of information systems, mainly by becoming a strong part of Web 2.0. Neogeographers are equipped with new tools like GoogleMap Creator or MapTube, all services, that are called mash-ups. Mash-up is the name for websites that are able to integrate data from all kinds of sources and connect them to a Single-User-Service. Of course there is many more concepts coming up with the social web like the Spatial Data Infrastructure, that is nowadays seen as a patchwork-system. The capture, edition and initialization of geodata is not anymore only the challenge of agencies but now the duty of many participants – companies, community facilities and private persons. The agencies should have the new task of arranging a standard for this spread work, in order to help combining all results. <br />
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Yet another topic, which I think is very impressing, is the idea of “Humans as sensors”. The model characterizes three different sensors. Those, that are static and inactive (thermometer), and those, that are carried by animals, humans and vehicles. The third and new sensor is seen in the human himself. A human can five senses and his intelligence to experience and interpret what is going on around him. If he notes what he sees, feels, hears and so on, he can help to collect spatial information. Sounds like a great thing, coming back to trust people and their capability to value. Are we leaving the image of a unreliable and failing human behind us?<br />
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It seems to be a great chance, everybody can join. Everyone? I do not own a smart phone...<br />
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References:<br />
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Schindler, M. & Liller, T. (2012): PR im Social Web. Das Handbuch für Kommunikationsprofis ; Medienwandel und Web 2.0 verstehen, von Praktikern und Experten lernen, nachhaltige Strategien entwickeln. Köln: O'Reilly. <br />
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Goodchild, M. (2007): Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography. Online:Springer Science+Business Media B.V.<br />
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Hudson-Smith, A.; Crooks, A.; Gibin, M.; Milton, R. & Batty, M. (2009): NeoGeography and Web 2.0: concepts, tools and applications. In: Journal of Location Based Services Vol. 3, No. 2, S.118–145.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05263434539979530500noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5186518745079204935.post-41571558549760788712013-05-02T12:16:00.005+02:002013-05-06T18:59:26.664+02:00Welcome!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
This blog is a companion to the course <i>Volunteered Geographic Information: Fundamentals and Applications in Humanitarian Affairs and Crisis Management</i> offered in the <a href="http://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/lehrstuehle/gis/">GI Sicence Research Group </a>of the <a href="http://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/">Institute of Geography of the University of Heidelberg</a> by <a href="http://www.icmc.usp.br/~jporto">Prof. Dr. João Porto de Albuquerque</a> (Visiting Scholar, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil), <a href="http://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/personen/gis_zipf.html">Prof. Dr. Alexander Zipf</a> (Chair of the GI Science Research Group), and Svend Schellhorn (Master Student in Geography).<br />
We will discuss in this course Volunteered Geographic Information, that is information which is collected, gathered and disseminated by citizens and volunteers. The most prominent example of VGI today is probably the open mapping innitative <a href="http://www.openstreetmap.org/">OpenStreetMap</a>. The emphasis of our course lies in the emerging use of VGI for managing humanitarian crisis events, including the role of Digital Humanitarian Volunteers and Volunteer and Technical Communities (V&TCs).<br />
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This blog will bring contributions from the students for each of themes that we will cover in the course:<br />
<ol>
<li>Neogeography und "Volunteered Geographic Information" - Theory and Basic Concepts</li>
<li>Citizen Science: Participative Methods and VGI</li>
<li>Who are the Volunteers? The motivation of VGI contributors and V&TCs</li>
<li>OpenStreetMap: Mapping in the crowdsourcing principle (HOT OSM as an example)</li>
<li>Basic Concepts in Disaster Management: Risk, Vulnerability and Resilience</li>
<li>Disaster Management Cycle: Preparedness, Response, Recovery, Mitigation</li>
<li>Actors in the Humanitarian Aid</li>
<li>Information Management in Humanitarian Affairs</li>
<li>GIS and Remote Sensing in Disaster Management: Potential and Application Cases</li>
<li>The role of social media in Disaster Management</li>
<li>Crisis Mapping: Background and Potential</li>
<li>Software Tools for Crisis Mapping and Social Media Monitoring </li>
<li>Case Study: Social media and Corwdsourcing in Haiti</li>
<li>Challenges for VGI in Disaster Management: Credibility and Quality</li>
</ol>
We warmly welcome you to check out our next posts and join the discussion! </div>
João Portohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12671005569879277144noreply@blogger.com0